Normal view MARC view ISBD view

Photovoltaic Solar Energy Generation (Record no. 1389)

MARC details
000 -LEADER
fixed length control field	16322nam a22002297a 4500
003 - CONTROL NUMBER IDENTIFIER
control field	OSt
005 - DATE AND TIME OF LATEST TRANSACTION
control field	20180524144927.0
008 - FIXED-LENGTH DATA ELEMENTS--GENERAL INFORMATION
fixed length control field	180524b \|\|\|\|\| \|\|\|\| 00\| 0 eng d
020 ## - INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER
International Standard Book Number	978-3-642-06260-5
028 ## - PUBLISHER NUMBER
Source	Allied Informatics, Jaipur
Bill Number	4891
Bill Date	21/05/2018
Purchase Year	2018-19
040 ## - CATALOGING SOURCE
Original cataloging agency	BSDU
Language of cataloging	English
Transcribing agency	BSDU
082 ## - DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION NUMBER
Classification number	621.31244
Item number	GOE
100 ## - MAIN ENTRY--PERSONAL NAME
Personal name	Goetzberger, A.
245 ## - TITLE STATEMENT
Title	Photovoltaic Solar Energy Generation
260 ## - PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC.
Place of publication, distribution, etc.	Germany
Name of publisher, distributor, etc.	Springer
Date of publication, distribution, etc.	2010
300 ## - PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
Extent	232
500 ## - GENERAL NOTE
General note	This comprehensive description and discussion of photovoltaics (PV) is presented at a level that makes it accessible to the interested academic. Starting with an historical overview, the text outlines the relevance of photovoltaics today and in the future. Then follows an introduction to the physical background of solar cells and the most important materials and technologies, with particular emphasis placed on future developments and prospects. The book goes beyond technology by also describing the path from the cell to the module to the system, proceeding to important applications, such as grid-connected and stand-alone systems. The composition and development of the markets and the role of PV in future energy systems are also considered. Finally, the discussion turns to the future structure of energy supplies, expected to comprise more distributed generation, and addresses synergies and competition from other carbon-free energy sources
504 ## - BIBLIOGRAPHY, ETC. NOTE
Bibliography, etc. note	Contents<br/>1 What Is Photovoltaics? ................................... 1<br/>1.1 What Is Photovoltaics? ................................ 1<br/>1.2 Short History of Photovoltaics .......................... 2<br/>1.2.1 Technology .................................... 2<br/>1.2.2 Applications ................................... 5<br/>1.3 Relevance of PV, Now and in the Future ................. 6<br/>1.4 Markets, Economics ................................... 8<br/>2 Physics of Solar Cells ..................................... 11<br/>2.1 Basic Mechanisms of Energy Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11<br/>2.2 The Silicon Solar Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18<br/>3 Silicon Solar Cell Material and Technology ............... 23<br/>3.1 Silicon Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23<br/>3.2 Monocrystalline and Multicrystalline Silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23<br/>3.2.1 Technology of Czochralski<br/>and Float Zone Silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23<br/>3.2.2 The Silicon Supply Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<br/>3.3 Ribbon Silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28<br/>3.3.1 Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28<br/>3.3.2 The Main Approaches<br/>in Ribbon Silicon Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28<br/>3.4 Silicon Cell Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30<br/>3.4.1 Production of pn and pp+ Junctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30<br/>3.4.2 Oxidation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<br/>3.4.3 Electrical Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<br/>3.4.4 Antireflection Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<br/>3.4.5 Status Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32<br/>3.5 Advanced Si-Solar Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br/>3.5.1 High Efficiency Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br/>3.5.2 Bifacial Solar Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35<br/>3.5.3 Buried Contact Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35<br/>3.5.4 Interdigitated Back Contact Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36<br/>3.5.5 OECO Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37<br/>3.5.6 a-Si/c-Si Heterostructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37<br/>3.5.7 Rear Side Contacted Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38<br/>3.5.8 Laser-Fired Contact Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40<br/>4 Crystalline Thin-Film Silicon ............................. 43<br/>4.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43<br/>4.2 The Basic Components<br/>of a Crystalline Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44<br/>4.3 The Present Status<br/>of the Crystalline Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . 47<br/>4.3.1 Si Layers Deposited Directly onto Glass . . . . . . . . . . . 47<br/>4.3.2 Si Layers on High-Temperature<br/>Resistant Substrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49<br/>4.3.3 Transfer Technologies of Monocrystalline<br/>Thin Si Films onto Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51<br/>5 Other Materials, New Concepts,<br/>and Future Developments ................................. 57<br/>5.1 Theoretical Efficiencies and Requirements<br/>for Solar Cell Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57<br/>5.2 Thin-Film Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59<br/>5.2.1 Amorphous Silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59<br/>5.2.2 Copper Indium Diselenide<br/>and Related Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65<br/>5.2.3 Cadmium Telluride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69<br/>5.3 Other Materials and Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73<br/>5.3.1 Tandem Cells, Concentrating Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . 73<br/>5.3.2 Dye-Sensitized Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75<br/>5.3.3 Organic Solar Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77<br/>5.4 Theoretical Concepts for New High Efficiency<br/>Semiconductor Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78<br/>5.4.1 Auger Generation Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78<br/>5.4.2 Intermediate Metallic Band Material<br/>and Up and Down Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79<br/>5.5 Past and Future Development of Solar Cell Efficiency . . . . . . 81<br/>6 Solar Cells and Solar Modules ............................ 85<br/>6.1 Characteristic Curves and Characteristics of Solar Cells . . . . 85<br/>6.1.1 Characteristic Curves of Solar Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85<br/>6.1.2 Characteristics of Solar Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86<br/>6.2 Module Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91<br/>7 PV Systems .............................................. 95<br/>7.1 Stand-Alone PV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95<br/>7.1.1 Consumer Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96<br/>7.1.2 Solar Home Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97<br/>7.1.3 Residential Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100<br/>7.1.4 Hybrid Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102<br/>7.1.5 Photovoltaic Water Pumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105<br/>7.2 Grid-Connected PV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107<br/>7.2.1 Decentralized Grid-Connected PV Systems . . . . . . . . 107<br/>7.2.2 Central Grid-Connected PV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109<br/>7.2.3 Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109<br/>8 PV Systems: Installation Possibilities ..................... 113<br/>8.1 Geometrical Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113<br/>8.2 PV Systems in Connection with Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115<br/>8.2.1 Advantages and Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115<br/>8.2.2 Installation on the Roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118<br/>8.2.3 Roof-Integrated Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120<br/>8.2.4 Facade-Integrated Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123<br/>8.3 PV Sound Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126<br/>8.4 Solar Power Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130<br/>8.4.1 Examples of Large PV Power Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130<br/>8.4.2 PV and Plant Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130<br/>8.5 Sun-Tracked and Concentrating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132<br/>8.5.1 Sun-Tracked Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132<br/>8.5.2 Concentrating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133<br/>9 Environmental Impacts by PV Systems ................... 137<br/>9.1 Environmental Impacts Due to Manufacturing<br/>of PV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137<br/>9.2 Environmental Impacts from Operation of PV Systems. . . . . 137<br/>9.3 Energy Payback Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138<br/>9.4 Land Area Required by PV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139<br/>9.5 Recycling of PV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140<br/>9.5.1 Recycling of Crystalline Silicon PV Modules . . . . . . . 141<br/>9.5.2 Recycling of Amorphous Silicon PV Modules . . . . . . 144<br/>9.5.3 Recycling of Compound Semiconductor<br/>Thin-Film PV Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146<br/>9.5.4 Energy Demand for Recycling of PV Modules . . . . . . 146<br/>10 Efficiency and Performance of PV Systems ............... 147<br/>10.1 Stand-Alone PV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147<br/>10.2 Grid-Connected PV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148<br/>10.2.1 Final Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148<br/>10.2.2 Performance Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148<br/>10.2.3 Possibilities of Quality Control and Control<br/>of Energy Yield of Grid-Connected PV Systems . . . . 153<br/>10.3 Long-Term Behavior of Grid-Connected PV Systems . . . . . . . 155<br/>10.3.1 Solar Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155<br/>10.3.2 Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158<br/>10.3.3 Mounting Racks and Fixing Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . 158<br/>10.3.4 Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159<br/>10.4 Electric Safety of Grid-Connected PV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 159<br/>11 PV Markets Support Measures and Costs ................ 163<br/>11.1 Market Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163<br/>11.2 Influences on the PV Market. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164<br/>11.2.1 Demonstration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165<br/>11.2.2 General Investment Subsidy Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . 168<br/>11.2.3 Sponsoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169<br/>11.2.4 Low Interest Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171<br/>11.2.5 Tax Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173<br/>11.2.6 Rate-Based Incentives or Feed-In Tariffs. . . . . . . . . . . 173<br/>11.2.7 Green Pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175<br/>11.2.8 Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175<br/>11.2.9 Solar Power Stock Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176<br/>11.2.10 Cooperatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176<br/>11.2.11 Green “Utility” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176<br/>11.2.12 Tendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176<br/>11.2.13 Renewable Obligation Order<br/>or Renewable Portfolio Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177<br/>11.2.14 Installation on Leased Roof Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177<br/>11.2.15 Political Commitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177<br/>11.2.16 Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178<br/>11.2.17 Evaluation of Market Support Measures . . . . . . . . . . . 178<br/>11.3 Cost of Photovoltaics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180<br/>11.3.1 Cost of PV Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180<br/>11.3.2 Cost of PV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182<br/>11.3.3 Cost of Power Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184<br/>12 The Future of PV ........................................ 187<br/>12.1 Boundary Conditions for the Future Development<br/>of Photovoltaics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187<br/>12.1.1 Cost Development of Conventional Electricity . . . . . . 187<br/>12.1.2 Effects of Liberalization<br/>and Environmental Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187<br/>12.2 Cost and Market Development of Stand-Alone<br/>and Grid-Connected Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188<br/>12.3 PV in a Future Liberalized<br/>and Partly Decentralized Energy System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189<br/>12.3.1 Integration of PV<br/>into a Decentralized Energy System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189<br/>12.3.2 Fully Autonomous Systems,<br/>Autonomous House Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190<br/>12.4 PV in a Centralized Energy System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191<br/>12.4.1 Electricity from the Desert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191<br/>12.4.2 Electricity from Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192<br/>13 Other (Perhaps Competing) CO2-Free Energy Sources .... 195<br/>13.1 Other Renewable Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195<br/>13.1.1 Solar Thermal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195<br/>13.1.2 Hydropower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201<br/>13.1.3 Wind Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204<br/>13.1.4 Biomass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205<br/>13.1.5 Ocean and Wave Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206<br/>13.1.6 Geothermal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209<br/>13.2 Carbon-Free Combustion of Fossil Fuels:<br/>Carbon Sequestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212<br/>13.2.1 What Is Carbon Sequestration? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212<br/>13.2.2 CO2 Capture and Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213<br/>14 Popular Killing Arguments Against PV<br/>and Why They Are Not Valid ............................ 215<br/>14.1 Solar Modules Consume More Energy<br/>for Their Production Than They Ever Generate . . . . . . . . . . . 215<br/>14.2 PV Produces More Greenhouse Gases Than It Saves . . . . . . . 216<br/>14.3 Grid-Connected PV Requires Lots<br/>of Back-Up Fossil Power Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216<br/>14.4 PV Is Too Expensive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216<br/>14.5 PV Is Not Ready for Marketing, More Research<br/>Is Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217<br/>14.6 Installation of PV in the Northern Half of Europe Does<br/>Not Make Sense Because the Same Solar Cells Generate<br/>Electricity Much Cheaper in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217<br/>14.7 PV Involves Toxic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218<br/>14.8 PV Consumes Valuable Land Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218<br/>14.9 PV Competes for Roof Space with Thermal Collectors . . . . . 219<br/>14.10 A Feed-in Tariff Causes Unacceptably High<br/>Electricity Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219<br/>References .................................................... 221<br/>Index ......................................................... 229
650 ## - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM
Topical term or geographic name entry element	Electrical
700 ## - ADDED ENTRY--PERSONAL NAME
Personal name	Hoffmann, V.U.
942 ## - ADDED ENTRY ELEMENTS (KOHA)
Source of classification or shelving scheme	Dewey Decimal Classification
Koha item type	Books

Holdings
Withdrawn status	Lost status	Source of classification or shelving scheme	Damaged status	Not for loan	Collection code	Home library	Current library	Date acquired	Cost, normal purchase price	Total Checkouts	Full call number	Barcode	Date last seen	Date last checked out	Cost, replacement price	Price effective from	Koha item type
		Dewey Decimal Classification		Not For Loan	Reference	BSDU Knowledge Resource Center, Jaipur	BSDU Knowledge Resource Center, Jaipur	05/24/2018	11802.00	1	621.31244 GOE	014569	02/12/2020	05/03/2019	11802.00	05/24/2018	Books