As the complexity of automotive vehicles increases this book presents operational and practical issues of automotive mechatronics. It is a comprehensive introduction to controlled automotive systems and provides detailed information of sensors for travel, angle, engine speed, vehicle speed, acceleration, pressure, temperature, flow, gas concentration etc. The measurement principles of the different sensor groups are explained and examples to show the measurement principles applied in different types.
Contents 2 Basics of mechatronics 2 Mechatronic systems and components 4 Development methods 6 Outlook 8 Architecture 8 Overview 11 Vehicle system architecture 18 Electronic control unit 18 Operating conditions 18 Design 18 Data processing 22 Digital modules in the control unit 26 Control unit software 30 Software Development 44 Basic principles of networking 44 Network topology 48 Network organization 50 OSI reference model 52 Control mechanisms 56 Automotive networking 56 Cross-system functions 57 Requirements for bus systems 59 Classification of bus systems 59 Applications in the vehicle 61 Coupling of networks 61 Examples of networked vehicles 70 Bus systems 70 CAN bus 84 LIN bus 90 Bluetooth 100 MOST bus 111 TTP/C 124 FlexRay 136 Diagnosis interfaces 144 Automotive sensors 144 Basics and overview 147 Automotive applications 150 Details of the sensor market 151 Features of vehicle sensors 152 Sensor classification 154 Error types and tolerance requirements 155 Reliability 158 Main requirements, trends 165 Overview of the physical effects for sensors 167 Overview and selection of sensor technologies 168 Sensor measuring principles 168 Position sensors 195 Speed and rpm sensors 207 Acceleration sensors 212 Pressure sensors 215 Force and torque sensors 224 Flowmeters 230 Gas sensors and concentration sensors 234 Temperature sensors 244 Imaging sensors (video) 246 Sensor types 246 Engine-speed sensors 248 Hall phase sensors 249 Speed sensors for transmission control 252 Wheel-speed sensors 256 Micromechanical yaw-rate sensors 259 Piezoelectric “tuning-fork” yaw-rate sensor 260 Micromechanical pressure sensors 262 High-pressure sensors 263 Temperature sensors 264 Accelerator-pedal sensors 266 Steering-angle sensors 268 Position sensors for transmission control 271 Axle sensors 272 Hot-film air-mass meters 275 Piezoelectric knock sensors 276 SMM acceleration sensors 278 Micromechanical bulk silicon acceleration sensors 279 Piezoelectric acceleration sensors 280 iBolt™ force sensor 282 Torque sensor 283 Rain/light sensor 284 Two-step Lambda oxygen sensors 288 LSU4 planar wide-band lambda oxygen sensor 290 Electric Actuators 290 Electromechanical actuators 295 Fluid-mechanical actuators 296 Electrical machines 302 Electrohydraulic Actuators 302 Application and Function 302 Requirements 303 Design and Operating Concept 304 Actuator Types 313 Simulations in Development 316 Electronic Transmission Control 316 Drivetrain Management 317 Market Trends 318 Control of Automated Shift Transmission AST 322 Control of Automatic Transmissions 338 Control of Continuously Variable Transmission 340 ECUs for Electronic Transmission Control 347 Thermo-Management 349 Processes and Tools Used in ECU Development 350 Modules for Transmission Control 350 Application 351 Module Types 354 Antilock Braking System (ABS) 354 System overview 356 Requirements placed on ABS 357 Dynamics of a braked wheel 358 ABS control loop 362 Typical control cycles 370 Traction Control System (TCS) 370 Tasks 370 Function description 372 Structure of traction control system (TCS) 373 Typical control situations 374 Traction control system (TCS) for four wheel drive vehicles 378 Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 378 Requirements 379 Tasks and method of operation 380 Maneuvers 388 Closed-loop control system and controlled variables 394 Automatic brake functions 394 Overview 396 Standard function 398 Additional functions 404 Hydraulic modulator 404 Development history 405 Design 408 Pressure modulation 412 Sensotronic brake control (SBC) 412 Purpose and function 414 Design 414 Method of operation 416 Overview of common-rail systems 416 Areas of application 417 Design 418 Operating concept 422 Common-rail system for passenger cars 427 Common-rail system for commercial vehicles 430 High-pressure components of common-rail system 430 Overview 432 Injector 444 High-pressure pumps 450 Fuel rail (high-pressure accumulator) 451 High-pressure sensors 452 Pressure-control valve 453 Pressure-relief valve 454 Electronic Diesel Control (EDC) 454 System overview 456 Common-rail system for passenger cars 457 Common-rail system for commercial vehicles 458 Data processing 460 Fuel-injection control 468 Lambda closed-loop control for passenger-car diesel engines 473 Torque-controlled EDC systems 476 Data exchange with other systems 477 Serial data transmission (CAN) 478 Active steering 478 Purpose 478 Design 480 Method of operation 481 Safety concept 481 Benefits of active steering for the driver 482 Drive and adjustment systems 482 Power windows 483 Power sunroofs 484 Seat and steering column adjustment 485 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning 485 Electronic heater control 485 Electronically controlled air conditioning system 488 Vehicle security systems 488 Acoustic signaling devices 489 Central locking system 490 Locking systems 494 Biometric systems 496 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and interference suppression 496 EMC ranges 497 EMC between different systems in the vehicle 504 EMC between the vehicle and its surroundings 508 Guarantee of immunity and interference suppression 510 Fault diagnostics 510 Monitoring during vehicle operation (on-board diagnosis) 513 On-board diagnosis system for passenger cars and light-duty trucks 520 On-board diagnosis system for heavy-duty trucks