Prasad, K V K K  <br/><br/>
Principles of Digital Communication Systems and Computer Networks 

 - 2nd 
 - New Delhi  Dreamtech Press  2013,c2004 
 - 742 
<br/><br/> Principles of Data Communication Systems and Computer Networks is a comprehensive coverage of Digital communication, Data Communication Protocols and Mobile Computing.It covers topics Multiplexing & Multiple accesses Radio Communications Terrestrial & Satellite Error Detection & CorrectionISO/ OSI Protocol ArchitectureWired Internet DNS, RADIUS, Firewalls, VPNCellular Mobile Communication GPS, CTI, Wireless Internet Multimedia Communication over IP Networks 
<br/><br/>Contents<br/>Part 1<br/>Digital Communication Systems<br/>Chapter 1<br/>Basics of Communication Systems .................................................................................................. 27<br/>1.1 Basic Telecommunication System ....................................................................................... 27<br/>1.2 Types of Communication ....................................................................................................... 31<br/>1.3 Transmission Impairments ................................................................................................... 32<br/>1.4 Analog versus Digital Transmission ................................................................................... 33<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 34<br/>References ............................................................................................................................................ 35<br/>Questions .............................................................................................................................................. 35<br/>Exercise ................................................................................................................................................. 35<br/>Project ................................................................................................................................................... 35<br/>Chapter 2<br/>Information Theory .......................................................................................................................... 36<br/>2.1 Requirements of a Communication System....................................................................... 36<br/>2.2 Entropy of an Information Source ....................................................................................... 39<br/>2.3 Channel Capacity .................................................................................................................... 40<br/>2.4 Shannon’s Theorems ............................................................................................................. 41<br/>2.4.1 Source Coding Theorem .............................................................................................................. 42<br/>2.4.2 Channel Coding Theorem ............................................................................................................ 43<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 44<br/>References ............................................................................................................................................ 44<br/>Questions ..................................................................................................................<br/>8<br/>3.4 Terrestrial Radio .................................................................................................................... 49<br/>3.4.1 Radio Spectrum ............................................................................................................................ 51<br/>3.5 Satellite Radio ......................................................................................................................... 53<br/>3.6 Radio Spectrum Management.............................................................................................. 55<br/>3.6.1 Spectrum Management Activities ................................................................................................ 56<br/>3.6.2 Cost of Spectrum .......................................................................................................................... 57<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 57<br/>References ............................................................................................................................................ 58<br/>Questions .............................................................................................................................................. 58<br/>Exercise ................................................................................................................................................. 58<br/>Projects ................................................................................................................................................. 58<br/>Chapter 4<br/>Coding of Text, Voice, Image and Video Signals............................................................................. 59<br/>4.1 Text Messages ....................................................................................................................... 59<br/>4.2 Voice ......................................................................................................................................... 61<br/>4.2.1 Waveform Coding ......................................................................................................................... 62<br/>4.2.2 Vocoding ....................................................................................................................................... 65<br/>4.3 Image ........................................................................................................................................ 67<br/>4.4 Video ......................................................................................................................................... 68<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 70<br/>References ............................................................................................................................................ 71<br/>Questions .............................................................................................................................................. 71<br/>Exercise ................................................................................................................................................. 71<br/>Projects ................................................................................................................................................. 72<br/>Chapter 5<br/>Error Detection and Correction ....................................................................................................... 73<br/>5.1 Need for Error Detection and Correction ......................................................................... 73<br/>5.2 Error Detection....................................................................................................................... 75<br/>5.2.1 Parity ............................................................................................................................................ 75<br/>5.2.2 Block Codes ................................................................................................................................. 75<br/>5.3 Error Correction..................................................................................................................... 81<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 82<br/>References ............................................................................................................................................ 82<br/>Questions .............................................................................................................................................. 82<br/>Exercise ................................................................................................................................................. 82<br/>Projects ................................................................................................................................................. 83<br/>Contents 9<br/>Chapter 6<br/>Digital Encoding ............................................................................................................................... 84<br/>6.1 Requirements for Digital Encoding .................................................................................... 84<br/>6.2 Categories of Encoding Schemes........................................................................................ 85<br/>6.3 Non Return to Zero Invertive (NRZ-I) .............................................................................. 85<br/>6.4 Non-Return to Zero Level (NRZ-L) ................................................................................... 86<br/>6.5 Manchester.............................................................................................................................. 86<br/>6.6 RS232 Standard ....................................................................................................................... 87<br/>6.7 Bipolar Alternate Mark Inversion (Bipolar AMI) ........................................................... 87<br/>6.8 High-Density Bipolar 3 (HDB3) .......................................................................................... 87<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 88<br/>References ............................................................................................................................................ 88<br/>Questions .............................................................................................................................................. 89<br/>Exercise ................................................................................................................................................. 89<br/>Project ................................................................................................................................................... 89<br/>Chapter 7<br/>Multiplexing ...................................................................................................................................... 90<br/>7.1 Multiplexing and De-multiplexing ...................................................................................... 90<br/>7.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing ........................................................................................ 91<br/>7.3 Time Division Multiplexing ................................................................................................. 92<br/>7.3.1 Statistical Time Division Multiplexing ........................................................................................ 94<br/>7.4 Wave Division Multiplexing ................................................................................................. 95<br/>7.4.1 Dense Wave Division Multiplexing .............................................................................................. 95<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 96<br/>References ............................................................................................................................................ 96<br/>Questions .............................................................................................................................................. 96<br/>Exercise ................................................................................................................................................. 96<br/>Projects ................................................................................................................................................. 97<br/>Chapter 8<br/>Multiple Access ................................................................................................................................ 98<br/>8.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access.................................................................................. 98<br/>8.2 Space Division Multiple Access .......................................................................................... 99<br/>8.3 Time Division Multiple Access ........................................................................................ 100<br/>8.3.1 Time Division Multiple Access–Frequency Division Duplex (TDMA-FDD) ............................. 102<br/>8.3.2 Time Division Multiple Access–Time Division Duplex (TDMA-TDD)......................................103<br/>8.4 FDMA/TDMA...................................................................................................................... 104<br/>10<br/>8.5 Code Division Multiple Access ........................................................................................ 105<br/>8.5.1 Frequency Hopping (FH) ............................................................................................................ 105<br/>8.5.2 Direct Sequence CDMA .............................................................................................................107<br/>8.6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) .............................................. 108<br/>8.7 Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) ........................................................................ 108<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 109<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 109<br/>Contents 11<br/>10.7 Telecommunication Standards ........................................................................................ 129<br/>10.8 Cost...................................................................................................................................... 130<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 130<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 130<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................131<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 131<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 131<br/>Chapter 11<br/>Public Switched Telephone Network ............................................................................................. 133<br/>11.1 PSTN Network Elements................................................................................................. 133<br/>11.1.1 The subscriber terminal .......................................................................................................... 134<br/>11.1.2 Local loop .................................................................................................................................. 135<br/>11.1.3 Switch ....................................................................................................................................... 135<br/>11.1.4 Trunks ......................................................................................................................................136<br/>11.2 Local Loop .......................................................................................................................... 137<br/>11.3 Switching Concepts ........................................................................................................... 138<br/>11.4 Trunking Systems.............................................................................................................. 140<br/>11.5 Signaling .............................................................................................................................. 142<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 143<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 143<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................143<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 144<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 144<br/>Chapter 12<br/>Terrestrial Radio Communication Systems .................................................................................... 145<br/>12.1 Advantages of Terrestrial Radio Systems .................................................................... 145<br/>12.2 Radio Communication System ........................................................................................ 146<br/>12.3 Broadcasting Systems ...................................................................................................... 148<br/>12.3.1 Audio Broadcasting .................................................................................................................. 148<br/>12.3.2 TV Broadcasting ...................................................................................................................... 148<br/>12.4 Wireless Local Loops....................................................................................................... 149<br/>12.4.1 Shared Radio Systems .............................................................................................................151<br/>12.4.2 Digital Local Loops .................................................................................................................. 152<br/>12.5 Cordless Telephony .......................................................................................................... 155<br/>12.5.1 Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT)....................................................... 155<br/>12.6 Trunked Radio Systems ................................................................................................... 159<br/>12.6.1 TETRA......................................................................................................................................159<br/>12<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 161<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 161<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................161<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 162<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 162<br/>Chapter 13<br/>Satellite Communication Systems .................................................................................................. 163<br/>13.1 Applications of Satellites.................................................................................................. 163<br/>13.2 Architecture of a Satellite Communication System..................................................... 164<br/>13.2.1 Frequencies of Operation ........................................................................................................166<br/>13.3 Problems in Satellite Communication ........................................................................... 166<br/>13.4 Multiple Access Techniques........................................................................................... 167<br/>13.4.1 DAMA-SCPC ........................................................................................................................... 168<br/>13.4.2 TDM-SCPC .............................................................................................................................. 170<br/>13.4.3 TDMA ....................................................................................................................................... 172<br/>13.5 A Representative Network.............................................................................................. 173<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 174<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 175<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................175<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 175<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 175<br/>Chapter 14<br/>Optical Fiber Communication Systems .......................................................................................... 176<br/>14.1 Evolution of Optical Fiber Communication .................................................................. 176<br/>14.1.1 Multi-mode Optical Fiber Communication .............................................................................. 177<br/>14.1.2 Single-mode Optical Fiber Communication ............................................................................ 177<br/>14.1.3 Wave Division Multiplexing Systems ......................................................................................178<br/>14.2 Optical Networks .............................................................................................................. 180<br/>14.2.1 SONET/SDH ............................................................................................................................ 180<br/>14.2.2 Optical Transport Networks .................................................................................................... 182<br/>14.3 Broadband Services to the Home/Office ...................................................................... 183<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 184<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 185<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................185<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 185<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 185<br/>Contents 13<br/>Part 2<br/>Data Communication Protocols and Computer Networking<br/>Chapter 15<br/>Issues in Computer Networking .................................................................................................... 189<br/>15.1 The Beginning of the Internet........................................................................................ 189<br/>15.2 Services and Applications................................................................................................ 191<br/>15.3 Packet Switching Concepts ............................................................................................. 191<br/>15.3.1 Virtual Circuit .........................................................................................................................193<br/>15.3.2 Datagram Service ....................................................................................................................194<br/>15.3.3 Source Routing ........................................................................................................................ 195<br/>15.4 Issues in Computer Networking .................................................................................... 195<br/>15.5 Need for Layered Approach and Protocol Standards ................................................. 198<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 200<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 200<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................201<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 201<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 201<br/>Chapter 16<br/>ISO/OSI Protocol Architecture...................................................................................................... 202<br/>16.1 OSI Reference Model ...................................................................................................... 202<br/>16.2 Physical Layer .................................................................................................................... 205<br/>16.3 Datalink Layer ................................................................................................................... 206<br/>16.3.1 High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) ................................................................................... 206<br/>16.4 Network Layer ................................................................................................................... 209<br/>16.5 Transport Layer ................................................................................................................. 209<br/>16.6 Session Layer ..................................................................................................................... 210<br/>16.7 Presentation Layer............................................................................................................ 210<br/>16.8 Application Layer .............................................................................................................. 210<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 211<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 212<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................212<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 212<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 212<br/>14<br/>Chapter 17<br/>Local Area Networks..................................................................................................................... 213<br/>17.1 The Ethernet LAN ............................................................................................................ 213<br/>17.1.1 LAN Protocol Layers ............................................................................................................... 215<br/>17.1.2 CSMA/CD protocol .................................................................................................................. 216<br/>17.1.3 Ethernet Addresses .................................................................................................................. 216<br/>17.1.4 Ethernet Frame Format ............................................................................................................ 217<br/>17.2 LAN Transmission Media ............................................................................................... 218<br/>17.3 LAN Topologies ................................................................................................................ 218<br/>17.4 Medium Access Control Protocols in LANs ............................................................... 220<br/>17.5 LAN Standards ................................................................................................................... 221<br/>17.5.1 IEEE 802.2 standard ................................................................................................................. 221<br/>17.5.2 IEEE 802.3 Standard ................................................................................................................. 222<br/>17.5.3 IEEE 802.4 Standard ................................................................................................................. 223<br/>17.5.4 IEEE 802.5 Standard ................................................................................................................. 223<br/>17.5.5 IEEE 802.12 Standard ............................................................................................................... 224<br/>17.5.6 FDDI LAN ................................................................................................................................224<br/>17.6 LAN Bridge ........................................................................................................................ 225<br/>17.7 Wireless LANs .................................................................................................................. 225<br/>17.7.1 IEEE 802.11 Family Standards .................................................................................................227<br/>17.7.2 Medium Access Control ........................................................................................................... 228<br/>17.7.3 WiFi ......................................................................................................................................... 229<br/>17.7.4 Mobile IP .................................................................................................................................. 230<br/>17.7.5 IEEE 802.15.3 Standard ............................................................................................................ 231<br/>17.7.6 HiperLAN2 ...............................................................................................................................231<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 232<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 232<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................233<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 233<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 233<br/>Chapter 18<br/>Wide Area Networks and X.25 Protocols ..................................................................................... 234<br/>18.1 Issues in Wide Area Networking ................................................................................... 234<br/>18.2 Overview of X.25............................................................................................................... 235<br/>18.3 A Satellite-based X.25 Network...................................................................................... 239<br/>18.4 Addressing in X.25 Networks ......................................................................................... 240<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 241<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 242<br/>Contents 15<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................242<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 242<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 242<br/>Chapter 19<br/>Internetworking .............................................................................................................................. 243<br/>19.1 Issues in Internetworking ............................................................................................... 243<br/>19.2 The Internet—The Global Network of Networks ...................................................... 248<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 248<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 248<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................249<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 249<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 249<br/>Chapter 20<br/>TCP/IP Protocol Suite .................................................................................................................... 250<br/>20.1 TCP/IP Protocol Suite ...................................................................................................... 250<br/>20.2 Operation of TCP and IP.................................................................................................. 253<br/>20.3 Internet Protocol (IP) ....................................................................................................... 254<br/>20.4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) .......................................................................... 255<br/>20.4.1 Flow Control and Acknowledgements ......................................................................................256<br/>20.4.2 Congestion Control .................................................................................................................. 258<br/>20.5 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) ...................................................................................... 258<br/>20.6 TCP/IP over Satellite Links ............................................................................................ 259<br/>20.7 Inter-Planetary Internet (IPN) ........................................................................................ 259<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 261<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 262<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................262<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 262<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 263<br/>Chapter 21<br/>Internet Protocol (IP) ..................................................................................................................... 264<br/>21.1 Overview of Internet Protocol........................................................................................ 264<br/>21.2 Internet Addressing Scheme .......................................................................................... 265<br/>21.2.1 Dotted Decimal Notation .......................................................................................................... 267<br/>21.3 Address Resolution Protocol .......................................................................................... 267<br/>21.4 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol ......................................................................... 268<br/>21.5 IP Datagram Format.......................................................................................................... 268<br/>16<br/>21.6 Subnet Addressing ............................................................................................................ 270<br/>21.7 Supernet Addressing ........................................................................................................ 271<br/>21.8 Limitations of IP version 4 .............................................................................................. 272<br/>21.9 Features of IP version 6 ................................................................................................... 273<br/>21.9.1 IPv6 Packet Format .................................................................................................................. 273<br/>21.10 Routing Protocols ........................................................................................................... 276<br/>21.10.1 Direct Delivery....................................................................................................................... 277<br/>21.10.2 Indirect Delivery ....................................................................................................................277<br/>21.11 Autonomous System ....................................................................................................... 278<br/>21.12 Routing within Autonomous Systems.......................................................................... 279<br/>21.12.1 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) .........................................................................................279<br/>21.12.2 Flooding .................................................................................................................................. 279<br/>21.13 Routing between Autonomous Systems ..................................................................... 280<br/>21.13.1 Exterior Gateway Protocol ..................................................................................................... 280<br/>21.13.2 Border Gateway Protocol .......................................................................................................282<br/>21.14 Internet Control Message Protocol ............................................................................ 283<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 285<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 285<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................285<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 286<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 286<br/>Chapter 22<br/>Transport Layer Protocols: TCP and UDP.................................................................................... 287<br/>22.1 Services of the Transport Layer ..................................................................................... 287<br/>22.2 Transmission Control Protocol ....................................................................................... 289<br/>22.2.1 Virtual Circuit Connection ..................................................................................................... 290<br/>22.2.2 TCP Segment Format ............................................................................................................... 291<br/>22.2.3 TCP Mechanism ....................................................................................................................... 292<br/>22.3 User Datagram Protocol .................................................................................................. 294<br/>22.4 Transport Layer Security ................................................................................................. 296<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 297<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 297<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................298<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 298<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 298<br/>Chapter 23<br/>Distributed Applications.................................................................................................................. 299<br/>23.1 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) ........................................................................ 299<br/>Contents 17<br/>23.2 Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME) ...................................................... 303<br/>23.3 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ......................................................................... 304<br/>23.4 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)......................................................... 308<br/>23.5 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) ........................................................ 309<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 311<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 311<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................312<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 312<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 312<br/>Chapter 24<br/>The Wired Internet ......................................................................................................................... 313<br/>24.1 Internet Applications ........................................................................................................ 313<br/>24.2 Internet Architecture ....................................................................................................... 316<br/>24.3 Domain Name Service ...................................................................................................... 317<br/>24.3.1 Domain Name Servers .............................................................................................................318<br/>24.4 Security Issues in the Internet ....................................................................................... 320<br/>24.4.1 RADIUS Server ........................................................................................................................ 320<br/>24.4.2 Firewalls................................................................................................................................... 321<br/>24.5 Internet Access Products ................................................................................................ 321<br/>24.6 Virtual Private Networks ................................................................................................. 322<br/>24.6.1 VPN Security Requirements ................................................................................................... 323<br/>24.6.2 VPN Architecture and Protocols ............................................................................................. 324<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 325<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 326<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................326<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 326<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 326<br/>Chapter 25<br/>Network Computing ....................................................................................................................... 327<br/>25.1 Software Development in the Networking Era ............................................................ 327<br/>25.2 Network Computer ........................................................................................................... 331<br/>25.3 Dynamic Distributed Systems ......................................................................................... 332<br/>25.3.1 Jini ...........................................................................................................................................333<br/>25.4 Emerging Applications ..................................................................................................... 336<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 338<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 338<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................338<br/>18<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 339<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 339<br/>Chapter 26<br/>Signaling System No. 7 .................................................................................................................. 340<br/>26.1 Drawbacks of PSTN Signaling ......................................................................................... 340<br/>26.2 Overview of Signaling System No. 7.............................................................................. 341<br/>26.3 Call Setup using SS7 ......................................................................................................... 343<br/>26.4 Database Query using SS7 .............................................................................................. 345<br/>26.5 SS7 Protocol Layers.......................................................................................................... 346<br/>26.6 Addressing and Signaling Units...................................................................................... 347<br/>26.6.1 Functions of SUs ...................................................................................................................... 349<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 350<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 350<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................350<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 350<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 351<br/>Chapter 27<br/>Integrated Services Digital Network ............................................................................................. 352<br/>27.1 Objectives of ISDN ........................................................................................................... 352<br/>27.2 Principles of ISDN............................................................................................................. 353<br/>27.3 ISDN Architecture ............................................................................................................ 355<br/>27.3.1 Reference Points ...................................................................................................................... 356<br/>27.3.2 Narrowband ISDN Channels.................................................................................................... 356<br/>27.4 ISDN Standards.................................................................................................................. 358<br/>27.5 ISDN Protocol Architecture ............................................................................................ 359<br/>27.6 ISDN Connections ............................................................................................................ 361<br/>27.7 Broadband ISDN ............................................................................................................... 362<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 362<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................362<br/>Exercises ............................................................................................................................................. 362<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 363<br/>Chapter 28<br/>Frame Relay ................................................................................................................................... 364<br/>28.1 Advantages of Frame Relay............................................................................................. 364<br/>28.2 Frame Relay Network ...................................................................................................... 365<br/>28.3 Frame Format .................................................................................................................... 367<br/>Contents 19<br/>28.3.1 Frame Relay Header ................................................................................................................. 368<br/>28.4 Congestion control............................................................................................................ 369<br/>28.4.1 Committed Information Rate .................................................................................................... 370<br/>28.5 Local Management Interface .......................................................................................... 370<br/>28.6 Frame Relay Standards..................................................................................................... 370<br/>28.7 Frame Relay versus X.25 ................................................................................................ 370<br/>28.8 Representative Frame Relay Networks ....................................................................... 371<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 373<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 373<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................373<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 374<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 374<br/>Chapter 29<br/>Asynchronous Transfer Mode ....................................................................................................... 375<br/>29.1 Concepts of ATM .............................................................................................................. 375<br/>29.2 ATM Logical Connections .............................................................................................. 377<br/>29.3 Call Establishment in ATM Networks .......................................................................... 379<br/>29.4 ATM Protocol Architecture............................................................................................. 381<br/>29.5 ATM Cell Structure .......................................................................................................... 381<br/>29.6 Transmission of ATM Cells............................................................................................. 384<br/>29.7 ATM for Multimedia ......................................................................................................... 384<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 385<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 385<br/>Questionss .......................................................................................................................................... 385<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 386<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 386<br/>Part 3<br/>Mobile Computing and Convergence Technologies<br/>Chapter 30<br/>Radio Paging .................................................................................................................................. 390<br/>30.1 Paging System Architecture and Operation ................................................................. 390<br/>30.2 Types of Pagers ................................................................................................................. 392<br/>30.3 Frequencies of Operation ................................................................................................ 392<br/>30.4 Paging Protocols................................................................................................................ 393<br/>20<br/>30.5 Advances in Radio Paging ............................................................................................... 393<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 394<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 394<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................395<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 395<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 395<br/>Chapter 31<br/>Cellular Mobile Communication Systems ...................................................................................... 396<br/>31.1 Principles of Cellular Mobile Communications........................................................... 396<br/>31.1.1 Single-Cell Systems ................................................................................................................ 397<br/>31.1.2 Multi-cell Systems ...................................................................................................................398<br/>31.2 Cellular System Design Issues....................................................................................... 399<br/>31.3 Mobile Communications Standards ............................................................................... 400<br/>31.4 GSM Architecture ............................................................................................................. 401<br/>31.4.1 Salient Features of GSM .......................................................................................................... 401<br/>31.4.2 GSM Services ..........................................................................................................................402<br/>31.4.3 GSM System Architecture .......................................................................................................403<br/>31.4.4 GSM Network Areas ................................................................................................................ 409<br/>31.4.5 GSM Operation ........................................................................................................................ 410<br/>31.5 Enhancements of GSM Standards ................................................................................... 411<br/>31.5.1 GSM Phase 2 ............................................................................................................................ 411<br/>31.5.2 Speech Quality Improvements ................................................................................................. 411<br/>31.5.3 Enhanced Data Services........................................................................................................... 411<br/>31.6 Mobile Satellite Systems ................................................................................................. 412<br/>31.6.1 Iridium......................................................................................................................................412<br/>31.6.2 Globalstar ................................................................................................................................. 413<br/>31.6.3 ICO/Teledesic ..........................................................................................................................414<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 414<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 415<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................415<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 416<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 416<br/>Chapter 32<br/>Global Positioning System .............................................................................................................. 417<br/>32.1 GPS Architecture............................................................................................................... 417<br/>32.2 GPS Receiver ..................................................................................................................... 419<br/>32.3 Differential GPS ................................................................................................................ 420<br/>Contents 21<br/>32.4 Applications of GPS ........................................................................................................... 421<br/>32.5 Commercial GPS Receivers............................................................................................ 421<br/>32.6 Developing Applications using GPS Receivers........................................................... 422<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 423<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 423<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................424<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 424<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 424<br/>Chapter 33<br/>Wireless Internet ............................................................................................................................ 425<br/>33.1 Wireless Access to Internet ........................................................................................... 425<br/>33.1.1 Challenges in Wireless Access to the Internet....................................................................... 426<br/>33.2 Wireless Internet Roadmap: Generations of Wireless Networks........................... 427<br/>33.2.1 Wireless Access Devices ......................................................................................................... 429<br/>33.3 Wireless Internet Applications....................................................................................... 430<br/>33.3.1 Pull Model and Push Model ..................................................................................................... 430<br/>33.3.2 Location-based Services........................................................................................................... 431<br/>33.4 Wireless Application Protocol ........................................................................................ 432<br/>33.4.1 WAP Overview..........................................................................................................................432<br/>33.4.2 Wireless Application Environment .......................................................................................... 434<br/>33.4.3 WAP Architecture....................................................................................................................435<br/>33.4.4 Evolution of WAP ..................................................................................................................... 437<br/>33.5 2.5G Wireless Networks.................................................................................................. 439<br/>33.6 3rd Generation (3G) Wireless Networks ..................................................................... 442<br/>33.6.1 3G Standardization Activities ..................................................................................................443<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 445<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 445<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................446<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 447<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 447<br/>Chapter 34<br/>Multimedia Communication over IP Networks ............................................................................. 448<br/>34.1 IP Networks and Multimedia Communication............................................................. 448<br/>34.1.1 Limitations of IP Networks ...................................................................................................... 449<br/>34.2 Architecture for Multimedia Communications over IP Networks........................... 450<br/>34.3 Protocol Standards for Multimedia Communications over IP Networks................ 451<br/>34.3.1 Call Models .............................................................................................................................. 454<br/>22<br/>34.4 Voice and Video over IP ................................................................................................... 455<br/>34.4.1 Applications of Voice over IP .................................................................................................... 456<br/>34.4.2 Issues in Voice and Video over IP ............................................................................................456<br/>34.4.3 Video over IP............................................................................................................................. 458<br/>34.4.4 Real Time Transport Protocol (RTP) ......................................................................................459<br/>34.4.5 Real Time Control Protocol ..................................................................................................... 460<br/>34.5 Fax over IP ......................................................................................................................... 462<br/>34.5.1 Fax Transmission over PSTN ..................................................................................................463<br/>34.5.2 Fax over IP ................................................................................................................................464<br/>34.6 Cisco’s Architecture for Voice, Video and Integrated Data (AVVID) ..................... 465<br/>34.7 Merger of Dotcom and Telecom or Death of PSTN? ................................................. 467<br/>34.8 Java Media Framework ................................................................................................... 468<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 469<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 470<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................470<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 470<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 471<br/>Chapter 35<br/>Computer Telephony Integration and Unified Messaging ............................................................. 472<br/>35.1 Need for CTI...................................................................................................................... 472<br/>35.2 Technology Ingredients of CTI ...................................................................................... 473<br/>35.3 Text-to-Speech Conversion ............................................................................................ 473<br/>35.3.1 Machine Representation of Text .............................................................................................. 475<br/>35.3.2 Transliteration .........................................................................................................................475<br/>35.3.3 Speech Synthesis ..................................................................................................................... 476<br/>35.3.4 Issues in Text-to-Speech Conversion System Design ............................................................. 478<br/>35.4 Interactive Voice Response Systems............................................................................ 479<br/>35.4.1 How an IVR System Works? ................................................................................................... 479<br/>35.4.2 IVR System Architecture ........................................................................................................481<br/>35.4.3 IVR Application Design Issues ................................................................................................ 482<br/>35.5 Automatic Speech Recognition ....................................................................................... 483<br/>35.5.1 Speech Recognition Methodology ............................................................................................484<br/>35.5.2 Categories of Speech Recognition Systems ............................................................................ 488<br/>35.5.3 Applications of Speech Recognition Technology ..................................................................... 490<br/>35.6 Call Centers ....................................................................................................................... 490<br/>35.6.1 Call Center Applications.......................................................................................................... 491<br/>35.6.2 Call Center Architecture ......................................................................................................... 491<br/>35.6.3 Internet-enabled Call Centers .................................................................................................492<br/>Contents 23<br/>35.7 Unified Messaging ............................................................................................................ 492<br/>35.7.1 Unification of Messaging Systems .......................................................................................... 493<br/>35.7.2 Applications of Unified Messaging .......................................................................................... 494<br/>35.8 VoiceXML........................................................................................................................... 495<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 498<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 499<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................500<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 501<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 501<br/>Chapter 36<br/>Wireless Personal/Home Area Networks ..................................................................................... 502<br/>36.1 Introduction to Personal Area Networks (PANs) ....................................................... 502<br/>36.2 Overview of Bluetooth ..................................................................................................... 503<br/>36.2.1 Bluetooth System Specifications ............................................................................................. 505<br/>36.2.2 Bluetooth Protocol Architecture ............................................................................................. 511<br/>36.3 HomeRF.............................................................................................................................. 516<br/>36.4 IrDA ..................................................................................................................................... 519<br/>36.5 IEEE 802.1x ....................................................................................................................... 519<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 519<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 520<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................521<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 521<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 521<br/>Chapter 37<br/>Telecommunications Management Network ................................................................................. 522<br/>37.1 Overview of TMN ............................................................................................................. 523<br/>37.2 TMN Building Blocks ...................................................................................................... 525<br/>37.3 TMN Standard Interfaces ................................................................................................ 527<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 529<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 530<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................530<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 530<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 530<br/>Chapter 38<br/>Information Security ....................................................................................................................... 531<br/>38.1 Information Leaks............................................................................................................. 531<br/>38.2 Surveillance ........................................................................................................................ 532<br/>24<br/>38.2.1 Surveillance of Voice/Fax Communication ............................................................................. 533<br/>38.2.2 Surveillance of Data Applications ............................................................................................534<br/>38.3 The Dangers of Mobile Phones...................................................................................... 534<br/>38.4 Cryptography...................................................................................................................... 535<br/>38.4.1 Secret Key Algorithms ............................................................................................................ 536<br/>38.4.2 Public Key Algorithms .............................................................................................................538<br/>38.5 Steganography .................................................................................................................... 539<br/>38.5.1 Digital Watermarking .............................................................................................................541<br/>38.5.2 Secure Multimedia Communication ........................................................................................ 541<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 543<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 544<br/>Questions ............................................................................................................................................544<br/>Exercise ............................................................................................................................................... 544<br/>Projects ............................................................................................................................................... 545<br/>Chapter 39<br/>Futuristic Technologiesand Applications ........................................................................................ 546<br/>39.1 Evolution of the Present Telecommunication Network Architecture .................... 546<br/>39.2 Convergence of Networks .............................................................................................. 548<br/>39.3 Emerging Applications ..................................................................................................... 549<br/>39.4 The Challenges.................................................................................................................. 551<br/>Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 552<br/>References .......................................................................................................................................... 552<br/>Appendix A: Glossary..................................................................................................................... 553<br/>Appendix B: Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................... 564<br/>Appendix C: Solutions to Selected Exercises ................................................................................ 571 
<br/><br/><label>ISBN: </label>9788177223620 
<br/><br/><label>Publisher. No.: </label> Allied Informatics, Jaipur 
<br/><br/><label>Subjects--Topical Terms: </label><br/>CSE
<br/><br/><label>Dewey Class. No.: </label>004.6    / PRA